Silabus Teori Ekonomi Mikro

MICROECONOMICS I Nurman Setiawan Fadjar, SE. , MSc. Room: E-19 Class: IE-DADay: Wednesday Email: [email  protected] unibraw. ac. idHours: 09. 30 – 12. 00 References: – Mankiw, N. Gregory, â€Å"Principles of Economics†, 4th Ed. , Harcourt College Pub. , 2006. – Case, Karl E. , Ray C. Fair, â€Å"Principles of Economics†, 6th Ed. , Prentice Hall, Inc. , 2003. Courses: I. Priciples of Economics and Think Like an Economist. (#1, 2) II. Foundation of Microeconomics: Consumer and Firms. a. Household Behavior and Consumer Choice. (#5,21, #4,5) b.The Production Process: The Behavior of Profit-Maximizing Firms. (#13, #6) c. Short Run Costs and Output Decisions. (#7) d. Costs and Output Decisions in the Long Run. (#8) e. Input Demand: The Labor and Land Market. (#18, #9) f. Input Demand: The Capital Market and The Investment Decision. (#10) g. General Equilibrium and the Efficiency of Perfect Competition. (#7, #11) III. Market Imperfection and the Role of Government. a. Monopoly and Antitrust Policy. (#15, #12) b. Monopolistic Competition and Olygopoly. (#16, 7, #17) c.Externalities, Public Goods, Imperfect Information, and Social Choice. (#10, 11, #14) d. Income Distribution and Poverty. (#15) Grades : 1. Attendance: 5 % 2. Participation: 10 % 3. HW: 15 % 4. Quiz: 20 % 5. Midterm Exam: 35 % 6. Final Exam: 35 % + 120 % Good Luck! TEORI EKONOMI MIKRO I Nurman Setiawan Fadjar, SE. , MSc. Ruang: E-3 (IE), B-1 (AK) Kelas: IE-AC, AK-CDHari: Senin (IE), Kamis (AK) Email: [email  protected] unibraw. ac. idJam: 07. 00 – 09. 30 Buku Referensi: – Mankiw, N. Gregory, â€Å"Principles of Economics†, 4th Ed. , Harcourt College Pub. 2006. – Case, Karl E. , Ray C. Fair, â€Å"Principles of Economics†, 6th Ed. , Prentice Hall, Inc. , 2003. Materi: I. Priciples of Economics and Think Like an Economist. (#1, 2) II. Foundation of Microeconomics: Consumer and Firms. a. Household Behavior and Consumer Choice. (#5,21, #4,5) b. The Production Process: The Behavior of Profit-Maximizing Firms. (#13, #6) c. Short Run Costs and Output Decisions. (#7) d. Costs and Output Decisions in the Long Run. (#8) e. Input Demand: The Labor and Land Market. (#18, #9) f.Input Demand: The Capital Market and The Investment Decision. (#10) g. General Equilibrium and the Efficiency of Perfect Competition. (#7, #11) III. Market Imperfection and the Role of Government. a. Monopoly and Antitrust Policy. (#15, #12) b. Monopolistic Competition and Olygopoly. (#16, 7, #17) c. Externalities, Public Goods, Imperfect Information, and Social Choice. (#10, 11, #14) d. Income Distribution and Poverty. (#15) Penilaian : 1. Absensi: 5 % 2. Partisipasi: 10 % 3. Tugas: 15 % 4. Quiz: 20 % 5. UTS: 35 % 6. UAS: 35 % + 120 % Selamat Berjuang!

The Vampire Diaries: The Struggle Chapter Three

Bonnie stared. â€Å"I don't remember anything about the bridge. It didn't feel like a bridge.† â€Å"But you said it yourself, at the end. I thought you remembered†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena's voice died away. â€Å"You don't remember that part,† she said flatly. It was not a question. â€Å"I remember being alone, somewhere cold and dark, and feeling weak†¦ and thirsty. Or was it hungry? I don't know, but I needed†¦ something. And I almost wanted to die. And then you woke me up.† Elena and Meredith exchanged a glance. â€Å"And after that,† Elena said to Bonnie, â€Å"you said one more thing, in a strange voice. You said not to go near the bridge.† â€Å"She toldyou not to go near the bridge.† Meredith corrected. â€Å"You in particular, Elena. She said Death was waiting.† â€Å"I don't care what's waiting,† said Elena. â€Å"If that's where Stefan is, that's where I'm going.† â€Å"Then that's where we're all going,† said Meredith. Elena hesitated. â€Å"I can't ask you to do that,† she said slowly. â€Å"There might be danger – of a kind you don't know about. It might be best for me to go alone.† â€Å"Don't,† said Elena quickly. â€Å"You were the one who said it wasn't a game.† â€Å"And not for Stefan, either,† Meredith reminded them. â€Å"We're not doing him much good standing around here.† Elena was already shrugging out of her kimono, moving toward the closet. â€Å"We'd better all bundle up. Borrow anything you want to keep warm,† she said. When they were more or less dressed for the weather, Elena turned to the door. Then she stopped. â€Å"Robert,† she said. â€Å"There's no way we can get past him to the front door, even if he's asleep.† Simultaneously, the three of them turned to look at the window. â€Å"Oh, wonderful,† said Bonnie. As they climbed out into the quince tree, Elena realized that it had stopped snowing. But the bite of the air on her cheek made her remember Damon's words. Winter is an unforgiving season, she thought, and shivered. All the lights in the house were out, including those in the living room. Robert must have gone to sleep already. Even so, Elena held her breath as they crept past the darkened windows. Meredith's car was a little way down the street. At the last minute, Elena decided to get some rope, and she soundlessly opened the back door to the garage. There was a swift current in Drowning Creek, and wading would be dangerous. The drive to the end of town was tense. As they passed the outskirts of the woods, Elena remembered the way the leaves had blown at her in the cemetery. Particularly oak leaves. â€Å"Bonnie, do oak trees have any special significance? Did your grandmother ever say anything about them?† â€Å"Well, they were sacred to the Druids. All trees were, but oak trees were the most sacred. They thought the spirit of the trees brought them power.† Elena digested that in silence. When they reached the bridge and got out of the car, she gave the oak trees on the right side of the road an uneasy glance. But the night was clear and strangely calm, and no breeze stirred the dry brown leaves left on the branches. â€Å"Keep your eyes out for a crow,† she said to Bonnie and Meredith. â€Å"A crow?† Meredith said sharply. â€Å"Like the crow outside Bonnie's house the night Yangtze died?† â€Å"The night Yangtze was killed. Yes.† Elena approached the dark waters of Drowning Creek with a rapidly beating heart. Despite its name, it was not a creek, but a swiftly flowing river with banks of red native clay. Above it stood Wickery Bridge, a wooden structure built nearly a century ago. Once, it had been strong enough to support wagons; now it was just a footbridge that nobody used because it was so lay on the ground. Despite her brave words earlier, Bonnie was hanging back. â€Å"Remember the last time we went over this bridge?† she said. Too well, Elena thought. The last time they had crossed it, they were being chased by†¦ something†¦ from the graveyard. Or someone, she thought. â€Å"We're not going over it yet,† she said. â€Å"First we've got to look under it on this side.† â€Å"Where the old man was found with his throat torn open,† Meredith muttered, but she followed. The car headlights illuminated only a small portion of the bank under the bridge. As Elena stepped out of the narrow wedge of light, she felt a sick thrill of foreboding. Death was waiting, the voice had said. Was Death down here? Her feet slipped on the damp, scummy stones. All she could hear was the rushing of the water, and its hollow echo from the bridge above her head. And, though she strained her eyes, all she could see in the darkness was the raw riverbank and the wooden trestles of the bridge. â€Å"Stefan?† she whispered, and she was almost glad that the noise of the water drowned her out. She felt like a person calling â€Å"who's there?† to an empty house, yet afraid of what might answer. â€Å"This isn't right,† said Bonnie from behind her. â€Å"What do you mean?† Bonnie was looking around, shaking her head slightly, her body taut with concentration. â€Å"It just feels wrong. I don't – well, for one thing I didn't hear the river before. I couldn't hear anything at all, just dead silence.† Elena's heart dropped with dismay. Part of her knew that Bonnie was right, that Stefan wasn't in this wild and lonely place. But part of her was too scared to listen. â€Å"We've got to make sure,† she said through the constriction in her chest, and she moved farther into the darkness, feeling her way along because she couldn't see. But at last she had to admit that there was no sign that any person had recently been here. No sign of a dark head in the water, either. She wiped cold muddy hands on her jeans. â€Å"We can check the other side of the bridge,† said Meredith, and Elena nodded mechanically. But she didn't need to see Bonnie's expression to know what they'd find. This was the wrong place. â€Å"Let's just get out of here,† she said, climbing through vegetation toward the wedge of light beyond the bridge. Just as she reached it, Elena froze. Bonnie gasped. â€Å"Oh, God – † â€Å"Get back,† hissed Meredith. â€Å"Up against the bank.† Clearly silhouetted against the car headlights above was a black figure. Elena, staring with a wildly It was moving toward them. Ducking out of sight, Elena cowered back against the muddy riverbank under the bridge, pressing herself as flat as possible. She could feel Bonnie shaking behind her, and Meredith's fingers sank into her arm. They could see nothing from here, but suddenly there was a heavy footfall on the bridge. Scarcely daring to breathe, they clung to one another, faces turned up. The heavy footsteps rang across the wooden planks, moving away from them. Please let him keep going, thought Elena. Oh, please†¦ She sank her teeth into her lip, and then Bonnie whimpered softly, her icy hand clutching Elena's. The footsteps were coming back. I should go out there, Elena thought. It's me he wants, not them. He said as much. I should go out there and face him, and maybe he'll let Bonnie and Meredith leave. But the fiery rage that had sustained her that morning was in ashes now. With all her strength of will, she could not make her hand let go of Bonnie's, could not tear herself away. The footsteps sounded right above them. Then there was silence, followed by a slithering sound on the bank. No, thought Elena, her body charged with fear. He was coming down. Bonnie moaned and buried her head against Elena's shoulder, and Elena felt every muscle tense as she saw movement – feet, legs – appear out of the darkness.No †¦ â€Å"What are youdoing down there?† Elena's mind refused to process this information at first. It was still panicking, and she almost screamed as Matt took another step down the bank, peering under the bridge. â€Å"Elena? What are youdoing?† he said again. Bonnie's head flew up. Meredith's breath exploded in relief. Elena herself felt as if her knees might give way. â€Å"Matt,† she said. It was all she could manage. Bonnie was more vocal. â€Å"What do you thinkyou're doing?† she said in rising tones. â€Å"Trying to give us a heart attack? What are you out here for at this time of night?† Matt thrust a hand into his pocket, rattling change. As they emerged from under the bridge, he stared out over the river. â€Å"I followed you.† â€Å"Youwhat ?† said Elena. Reluctantly, he swung to face her. â€Å"I followed you,† he repeated, shoulders tense. â€Å"I figured you'd find a way to get around your aunt and go out again. So I sat in my car across the street and watched your.† Elena didn't know what to say. She was angry, and of course, he had probably done it only to keep his promise to Stefan. But the thought of Matt sitting out there in his battered old Ford, probably freezing to death and without any supper†¦ it gave her a strange pang she didn't want to dwell on. He was looking out at the river again. She stepped closer to him and spoke quietly. â€Å"I'm sorry, Matt,† she said. â€Å"About the way I acted back at the house, and – and about – † She fumbled for a minute and then gave up. About everything, she thought hopelessly. â€Å"Well, I'm sorry for scaring you just now.† He turned back briskly to face her, as if that settled the matter. â€Å"Now could you please tell me what you think you're doing?† â€Å"Bonnie thought Stefan might be here.† â€Å"Bonnie didnot ,† said Bonnie. â€Å"Bonnie said right away that it was the wrong place. We're looking for somewhere quiet, no noises, and closed in. I felt†¦ surrounded,† she explained to Matt. Matt looked back at her warily, as if she might bite. â€Å"Sure you did,† he said. â€Å"There were rocks around me, but not like these river rocks.† â€Å"Uh, no, of course they weren't.† He looked sideways at Meredith, who took pity on him. â€Å"Bonnie had a vision,† she said. Matt backed up a little, and Elena could see his profile in the headlights. From his expression, she could tell he didn't know whether to walk away or to round them all up and cart them to the nearest insane asylum. â€Å"It's no joke,† she said. â€Å"Bonnie's psychic, Matt. I know I've always said I didn't believe in that sort of thing, but I've been wrong. You don't know how wrong. Tonight, she – she tuned in to Stefan somehow and got a glimpse of where he is.† Matt drew a long breath. â€Å"I see. Okay†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Don't patronize me! I'm not stupid, Matt, and I'm telling you this is for real. She was there, with Stefan; she knew things only he would know. And she saw the place he's trapped in.† â€Å"Trapped,† said Bonnie. â€Å"That's it. It was definitely nothing open like a river. But there was water, water up to my neck.His neck. And rock walls around, covered with thick moss. The water was ice cold and still, and it smelled bad.† â€Å"But what did you see?† Elena said. â€Å"Nothing. It was like being blind. Somehow I knew that if there was even the faintest ray of light I would be able to see, but I couldn't. It was black as a tomb.† â€Å"As a tomb†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Thin chills went through Elena. She thought about the ruined church on the hill above the graveyard. There was a tomb there, a tomb she thought had opened once. â€Å"No†¦ but I don't get any sense of where itcould be then,† Bonnie said. â€Å"Stefan wasn't really in his right mind; he was so weak and hurt. And so thirsty – â€Å" Elena opened her mouth to stop Bonnie from going on, but just then Matt broke in. â€Å"I'll tell you what it sounds like to me,† he said. The three girls looked at him, standing slightly apart from their group like an eavesdropper. They had almost forgotten about him. â€Å"Well?† said Elena. â€Å"Exactly,† he said. â€Å"I mean, it sounds like a well.† Elena blinked, excitement stirring in her. â€Å"Bonnie?† â€Å"Itcould be,† said Bonnie slowly. â€Å"The size and the walls and everything would be right. But a well is open; I should have been able to see the stars.† â€Å"Not if it were covered,† said Matt. â€Å"A lot of the old farmhouses around here have wells that are no longer in use, and some farmers cover them to make sure little kids don't fall in. My grandparents do.† Elena couldn't contain her excitement any longer. â€Å"That could be it. Thatmust be it. Bonnie, remember, you said it wasalways dark there.† â€Å"Yes, and it did have a sort of underground feeling.† Bonnie was excited, too, but Meredith interrupted with a dry question. â€Å"How many wells do you think there are in Fell's Church, Matt?† â€Å"Dozens, probably,† he said. â€Å"But covered? Not as many. And if you're suggesting somebody dumped Stefan in this one, then it can't be any place where people would see it. Probably somewhere abandoned†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"And his car was found on this road,† said Elena. â€Å"The old Francher place,† said Matt. They all looked at one another. The Francher farmhouse had been ruined and deserted for as long as anybody could remember. It stood in the middle of the woods, and the woods had taken it over nearly a century ago. â€Å"Let's go,† added Matt simply. Elena put a hand on his arm. â€Å"You believe – ?† He looked away a moment. â€Å"I don't know what to believe,† he said at last. â€Å"But I'm coming.† â€Å"From here we walk,† he said. Elena was glad she'd thought of bringing rope; they'd need it if Stefan were really in the Francher well. And if he wasn't†¦ She wouldn't let herself think about that. It was hard going through the woods, especially in the dark. The underbrush was thick, and dead branches reached out to snatch at them. Moths fluttered around them, brushing Elena's cheek with unseen wings. Eventually they came to a clearing. The foundations of the old house could be seen, building stones tied to the ground now by weeds and brambles. For the most part, the chimney was still intact, with, hollow places where concrete had once held it together, like a crumbling monument. â€Å"The well would be somewhere out back,† Matt said. It was Meredith who found it and called the others. They gathered around and looked at the flat, square block of stone almost level with the ground. Matt stooped and examined the dirt and weeds around it. â€Å"It's been moved recently,† he said. That was when Elena's heart began pounding in earnest. She could feel it reverberating in her throat and her fingertips. â€Å"Let's get it off,† she said in a voice barely above a whisper. The stone slab was so heavy that Matt couldn't even shift it. Finally all four of them pushed, bracing themselves against the ground behind it, until, with a groan, the block moved a fraction of an inch. Once there was a tiny gap between stone and well, Matt used a dead branch to lever the opening wider. Then they all pushed again. When there was an aperture large enough for her head and shoulders, Elena bent down, looking in. She was almost afraid to hope. â€Å"Stefan?† The seconds afterward, hovering over that black opening, looking down into darkness, hearing only the echoes of pebbles disturbed by her movement, were agonizing. Then, incredibly, there was another sound. â€Å"Who – ? Elena?† â€Å"Oh, Stefan!† Relief made her wild. â€Å"Yes! I'm here, we're here, and we're going to get you out. Are you all right? Are you hurt?† The only thing that stopped her from tumbling in herself was Matt grabbing her from behind. â€Å"Stefan, hang on, we've got a rope. Tell me you're all right.† There was a faint, almost unrecognizable sound, but Elena knew what it was. A laugh. Stefan's voice was thready but intelligible. â€Å"I've – been better,† he said. â€Å"But I'm – alive. Who's with you?† She slapped the top of his head. â€Å"Don't joke about it! Get him up!† â€Å"Yes, ma'am,† said Matt, a little giddily. â€Å"Here, Stefan. You're going to have to tie this around you.† â€Å"Yes,† said Stefan. He didn't argue about fingers numb with cold or whether or not they could haul his weight up. There was no other way. The next fifteen minutes were awful for Elena. It took all four of them to pull Stefan out, although Bonnie's main contribution was saying, â€Å"come on, comeon ,† whenever they paused for breath. But at last Stefan's hands gripped the edge of the dark hole, and Matt reached forward to grab him under the shoulders. Then Elena was holding him, her arms locked around his chest. She could tell just how wrong things were by his unnatural stillness, by the limpness of his body. He'd used the last of his strength helping to pull himself out; his hands were cut and bloody. But what worried Elena most was the fact that those hands did not return her desperate embrace. When she released him enough to look at him, she saw that his skin was waxen, and there were black shadows under his eyes. His skin was so cold that it frightened her. She looked up at the others anxiously. Matt's brow was furrowed with concern. â€Å"We'd better get him to the clinic fast. He needs a doctor.† â€Å"No!† The voice was weak and hoarse, and it came from the limp figure Elena cradled. She felt Stefan gather himself, felt him slowly raise his head. His green eyes fixed on hers, and she saw the urgency in them. â€Å"No†¦ doctors.† Those eyes burned into hers. â€Å"Promise†¦ Elena.† Elena's own eyes stung and her vision blurred. â€Å"I promise,† she whispered. Then she felt whatever had been holding him up, the current of sheer willpower and determination, collapse. He slumped in her arms, unconscious.

Biochemical: Escherichia Coli & Salmonella Typhimurium

The first step in the identification process is generally obtaining isolation. A usual isolation technique for isolation is the streak plate. With this method a small droplet of culture is spread over the surface of the medium in a pattern that gradually thins the sample out and separates the cells spatially over the sections of the plate. Streaking is used to isolate single cells in order to separate different types of bacteria in a mixed sample. The plates used are sterile and provide nutrients to sustain growth. Gram's Stain is a widely used method of staining bacteria as an aid to identification. It is used to determine the identity of a sample. Gram staining is used to differentiate bacterial species into two large groups Gram-positive and Gram-negative based on the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls. Gram's stain differentiates between two major cell wall types. Bacterial species with walls containing small amounts of peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide, are Gram-negative and bacteria with walls containing relatively large amounts of peptidoglycan and no lipopolysaccharide are Gram-positive. The Gram stain also allows for cell size, shape, and arrangement to be determined. Biochemical testing also helps to identify organisms. One type of biochemical test is fermentation tests. Fermentation is the formation of gas, acid, and other products by the action of bacteria on pyruvic acid. PR Glucose, PR Lactose, and PR Sucrose fermentation detection can be seen as broth color change and the presence or absence of a bubble. Making use of a mannitol salt agar growth can help determine and/or isolate gram positive cocci, interpretations are made by growth and color results. Citrate and Malonate tests are based on differentiating organisms based on ability to grow when an essential nutrient is available in a limited number of forms. The results are interpreted based on color change and growth, with any change resulting as positive which means citrate is utilized. Malonate is utilized and positive if the liquid changes to dark blue. Hydrolytic enzymes that are used in reactions that use water to split complex molecules, these enzymes are detected by the Urease and Bile Esculin tests, which produce identifiable color changes in the medium. A positive Bile Esculin test esults when the medium is darkened,a nd negative when there is no color change. A positive Urease test occurs when the medium is pink and means a strong urease production and orange/yellow is negative with no production of urease. The catalase test detects an organism’s ability to produce catalase, an enzyme that that detoxifies hydrogen peroxide. When catalase is present the reaction is positive and bubbles are formed, absence of catalase is negative and with no bubbles. SIM is a combination media, which includes core tests to differentiate members of a specific bacteria and can be used to replace a sequence of individual tests. SIM tests for sulfur reduction and indole production. Sulfur is reduced when the media is black(+) and sulfur is not reduced when the medium is not black(-). Indole is formed from Tryptophan when there is red in the alchol layer of Kovac’s agent and not formed when the reagent’s color is unchanged. Making use of biochemical test, Gram’s staining, and streak plate isolation are tools that can be utilized in order to determine the identity of bacteria. Using changes in media to confirm an organism. Each organism has its own characteristics that makes it differ from others, thus the identity can be found.

Multimedia and design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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The hybrid cars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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661 questions 1 and 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Analyse the economic objectives of the United States government and Essay

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Reading Response - Essay Example The world stood still on this date, aghast and astounded at the magnitude of terror, questioning the intentions of the terrorists and never finding an answer that fully satisfies one’s understanding because the event itself defies reason. Habermas tries very hard to capture the impact it had on the world by giving a litany of situations around the globe and what people thought about it. At the same time, he attempts to understand the political motivations of the terrorist attack and compare it to the beliefs and responses of the people it affected. There is a world of a gap in such beliefs especially right after the event itself. The people the terrorists belonged to may have been in a celebratory mood for the success they achieved in shattering the hopes and dreams of thousands of Americans while the Americans, on the other hand, fell on their knees in desperation, in fear, in prayer. Derrida was profuse in his expression of how the September 11 event left an indelible mark in history and how powerful its impact was on its witnesses, which pertained to the whole world. He embodied a true philosopher’s stance of saying his piece to force one to think deeply about the issues and get himself philosophizing about it too. Somehow, both interviews, although too profound for most to understand, managed to make readers ponder about how the time of terror affected them and the world and how it would translate to their

Construction law cases Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Construction law cases - Case Study Example The contractor could have requested for Request For Information on the matter. A consultant engineer entered into a contract with City of San Marcos. A written consent was required to any modification from the client to contractor. A request was orally done in modification of scope of work which is in contrast to the contractor. The charter of the city allowed oral contracts to contractors possessing requisite authority. The agreement between the client and contractor in this case reveals that the contractor possessed requisite authority. Any modification in the scope of work was binding be in in writing or verbal. The consultant is therefore obliged to carry out the scope of work and claim for payment upon completion. The contractor subcontracted part of the work. The contractor made oral request to the sub contractor who claimed for compensation. Communication in execution of work must always be in writing. If the subcontractor executed work that was orally communicated by the contractor, the contractor is not obliged to any claim. This is because it was a non approved mode of communication according to the tender document. Secondly, the subcontractor cannot claim for any payment from the client because the contract is binding between the client and the general contractor. In this case, the subcontractor claims a breach of contractor by the general contractor for not paying him upon completion of work. The general contractor claimed that he had not received payments from the client for the work executed by the subcontractor. According to the â€Å"Paid if Paid† clause, the subcontractor does not have any link with the client and the contractor has no right to withholds payments to the subcontractor. This is exceptional for a case where the contractor indicated in the contract document that sub contractor will receive payment after payment has been made to the contractor by the client. However, the contractor should not more than what the client owns

To What Extent Do You Think Was a Revolutionary Sculptor Essay Example for Free

To What Extent Do You Think Was a Revolutionary Sculptor Essay Kritios was an Athenian sculptor, whose style and technique during the late archaic period helped revolutionize the archaic period into the Classical period. He has two main statutes that I am going to examine the first of which being the Kritios boy. Also referred to as â€Å"the first beautiful nude art† it is very important as it is a precursor to the later classical sculptures. It depicts a young boy in an idea form (so sculpted in the nude if they where in the ideal form) and is possibly a reflection of the Athenian cultural obsession with Pederasty. Yet it is more important in the sense that it smashes the Korous pose. The Kritios boy is so important as Kritios has mastered a complete understanding of how the different parts of the body act together, the statue supports the weight on the left leg meaning that the right one is bent at the knee and relaxed, and forces a chain of events as the pelvis is pushed diagonally upwards on the left side this causes the right buttock to relax and the spine to be placed in an â€Å"S† shaped curve causing the shoulder line to dip left to counteract the action of the pelvis. his stance is referred to as contrapposto, and the Kritios boy is one of the earliest examples of it mastered. (One of the greatest examples of contrapposto in history was during the neoclassical period ‘David† by Michelangelo, 1504) but this could not have been achieved without Kritios. The kritios boy also shows a number of other innovations that distinguish it from any of the Archaic Kouroi or anythi ng from the Archaic period. The muscular and skeletal structure are depicted with an unforced life-like accuracy as well as having the rib cage naturally expanded. Almost as if he is breathing in. the statue’s hips are relaxed and another reason why it is revolutionary in the break though into the classical period is the â€Å"smile† of the archaic statues, has been changed to accurate lips and the face is completely emotionless. The second Kritios statue I am going to look at was not just made by him, He and Nesiotes combined their sculptures of Aristogeiton and Harmodius to make ‘The Tyrannicides’ (477-476BC). These statues were a replica of the climax of the story about the two men who killed the Tyrant Of Athens. The Tyrannicides story is told through their stances and the objects they were holding. Aristogeiton (Eromenos); the statue sculpted by Kritios was the older man and the one with all the experience and wisdom who has a beard. He managed to show this by the way Aristogeiton was standing with one leg in front of the other at a defence angle. His arm flat out holding a knife to show his weapon. That he used to stab Hippias to death, some drapery over his arm is shown, and it appears to be being used as some kind of defense, this illustrates that he is experienced. Once again Kritos has used details and the realism to help push sculptor and realism forward with Aristogeiton’s muscles, stance, facial features. As well as beard that course stands out (again illustrating how he is wise). Both statues have frontal emphasis with both having a leg in front and their attacking arms pointing out to the front. The use of frontal emphasis almost puts you in Hipparchus’ shoes because it is what he would have seen when he was getting attacked. Making this a very threatening and violent image. Aristogeiton’s partner Harmodius was sculpted by Nesiotes who followed Kritios’ example and decided to base Hamodius on the opposite of Aristogeiton and make him extremely inexperienced and reckless. Because of his youth, he lacked the experience that Aristogeiton had, therefore his pose was very reckless and he is open to be attacked as his arm in the air exposing the rest of his body,. These men were seen as heroes for the way they killed the King who was more of a tyrant, which opened up Athenian democracy. And they have been immortalized and shown as very strong powerful figures. Again the statues are both very realistic in the way all the joints and body work together (the fact more weight is on one left leg this causes the pelvises to rise ect) In conclusion I feel that Kritios was a revolutionary sculptor as he mastered how a human figure standing with most of it’s weight on one foot causes a compelete change throughout the body as the human form does causing his statues to look allot more realist. This caused a massive step forward in the art and ability to create lifelike sculptures that completely makes the stiff kouroi of the archaic period completely obsolete.

How Many Slaves Were in Roman Italy?

How Many Slaves Were in Roman Italy? Introduction The first and most obvious question that should be asked in reference to this essay is what era the question is referring to. Although there is a considerable body of literature on Roman slavery, limitations of space preclude discussions of the whole of Roman history, and with this in mind I have decided to concentrate here upon the early imperial period. Roman Slavery Rome can fairly be regarded as one of the few true slave societies in human history.[1] Despite this dubious claim to fame, there is surprisingly little direct evidence for the total number of people involved. Slavery was a feature of all Meditterannean societies in the ancient world, but it seems that there were far more slaves at Rome than in any of her neighbouring societies. It is certainly impossible to put any kind of accurate number on the number of slaves in Roman Italy at any given time, even if we are only narrowly considering the early Empire, conditions and circumstances varies and thus the total number of slaves varied too; yet it is not without merit to attempt am estimate. Owning large numbers of slaves was not always necessary for the wealthy in Roman society; they were often little more than a status symbol. If you owned significant numbers of slaves you were, by inference, rich and powerful, the converse, of course, was also true. Slave ownership was far more practical for rural land owners as they would be used in tilling land, mining etc, essentially driving the Roman economy. We can reasonable assume that the greatest number of slaves were in Roman Italy, and within this geographical area, by far the greatest numbers would have been in Rome itself. The greatest numbers in Roman Italy would have been agricultural slaves and slaves employed mining and on other industrial activities;[2] these were people who would be purchased purely as labourers and were of no value to their owners as anything else. At Rome, massive numbers of slaves were employed in what we may now regard as the civil service, others being owned by the imperial household and still more working on public projects. This latter category included work on public buildings such as the aqueduct; Frontinus tells us that 700 slaves were employed here alone.[3] Slaves were not only owned by the state and the imperial household, but be individuals as well. There were considered to be six categories of holdings; 1-2 slaves, 3-10 slaves, 11-30 slaves, 31-100 slaves, 101-500 slaves and 501 + slaves. The surviving evidence points towards private individuals possessing massive numbers of slaves. For example, the senator L. Pedanius Secundus in the middle of the first century AD owned 400 slaves;[4] Pudentilla gave 400 slaves to the sons produced from her first marriage in the middle of the second century. Even those who were once slaves could possess large numbers, C. Caecilius Isidorus, a wealthy freedman, owned 4116 slaves at the time of his death in 8 BC. In the fifth century AD, the younger Melania set free 8000 slaves when she took up a life of Christian asceticism.[5] Pliny[6] the younger, in a surviving inscription, left provision in his will for the manumission and maintenance of 100 slaves which implies he possessed at least 500.[7] It is possible, and there seems evidence to suggest that it is likely, that the cases noted above are the exception rather than the normal state of affairs. Surviving sepulchral inscriptions from a particular wealthy noble gens, the Statilii, gives us a total number of slaves[8] of only 428 for the entire period of 40 BC to 65 AD. When we look in greater depth at these figures we can see that the individual numbers of slaves owned by each member of the gens is very small indeed. We know, foe instance, that Statilius Taurus Sisenna[9] owned a mere 6 slaves, Statilius Taurus Corvinus[10] eight and Messalina, the wife of the Emperor Nero possessed only eight slaves.[11] The famous Seneca who was undoubtedly a man of extraordinary wealth, believed that he was exercising frugality when he travelled with only one cart load of slaves (a handful at most).[12] There are a number of references in both the so called Augustan History, and in Juvinal, that strongly suggest that many non-plebeian Roman citizens possessed no slaves at all, and large numbers of others only one or two.[13] Using this evidence which is, one the one hand abundant, and on the other sadly lacking with reference to our very specific question, many academics such as Westermann and Hopking have been reluctant to provide an actual figure for the total number of slaves in Roman Italy at any given time. Hopkins has estimated a population or Roman Italy in the first century AD of between 900,000 and 950,000 with the slave component being in the region of 300,000 350,000. This would mean that slaves represented 35% of the population of Roman Italy during the early imperial period.[14] This figure would be comparable to Brazil of around 1800 and the United States in 1820.[15] We can also make a qualitative judgement on the number of slaves when we consider what their location was; that is to say who there owners were and what roles they played in society, some of this evidence was noted earlier and supports the view of Hopkins and Bradley that Rome was one of only five true slave societies that have existed in world history.[16] Conclusion When considering any question of Roman slavery we should be weary to consider slavery in the strictest sense. Slavery is only one of the many forms of dependent labour available to wealthy Romans, labour which Romans would use to extract a surplus.[17] It is very likely that there would be forms of debt bondage and forms of serfdom, for example; all of which could be gathered under the heading of non-free labour. There, because wealthy Romans drew the majority of their income from this form of non-free labour, it could be possible to argue that the true figure for slavery is much greater than the 35% proposed by Hopkins (although this does very much depend on which definition of slavery you choose to use). Bradley[18] has noted that slavery in the Roman world is considered usually on economic grounds, for it is concepts like, production, income and the extraction of surplus which predominate the discussions. He also noted that the description of Rome as a slave society applies only to Roman Italy and not the wider Roman world. The restriction on the definition must also be applied temporally as Rome can not be described as a true slave society before around the third century BC when the acquisition of empire began. Before this time the servile portion of the population was far too small for Roman Italy to qualify. It was only after the second century BC, when a series of successful foreign wars saw Rome begin to import vast numbers of prisoners of war that the character of Roman society began to change. It should be noted finally that questions of slavery in the Roman Empire and almost exclusively discussions of slavery within Roman Italy. The wider empire did not see the broad use of slavery, in part because of the lack of individual wealth and many of those working off the land would be free men of citizens, but without the capability to purchase a slave or slaves to take over the menial tasks. If we were considering slavery in the Roman Empire generally the figure would be far less that 35% although an estimate would be little more than a guess. Bibliography W. Blair, Slavery Amongst the Romans (Edinburgh 1947) H. C. Boren, Roman Society (Massachusetts 1992) K. Bradley, Slavery and Society at Rome (Cambridge 1994) M. Cary H. H. Scullard, A History of Rome (London 1935) P. D. A. Garnsey R. P. Saller, The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture (Los Angeles 1987) K. Hopkins, Conquerors and Slaves (Cambridge 1978) M. Le Glay, J-L Voisin Y. Le Bohec, A History of Rome (Oxford 1996) N. Lewis M. Reinhold, Roman Civilisation: Selected Readings, 2 vols (Chichester 1990) 1 Footnotes [1] Bradley, 1994, 12. [2] Hopkins, 1978, 27. [3] Front. Aq, 116-17. [4] Tacitus, Ann. 14.43.4. [5] Bradley, 1994, 11. [6] ILS 2927. [7] The jurist Gaius (second century AD) tells us that if you possessed more than 100 slaves but not more than 500 you could set free not more than one fifth of the number; Gaius Institutions 1.43. [8] Evidently both slaves and freedmen in fact. [9] Consul in AD 16. [10] Consul in AD 45. [11] Although, of course, the imperial household in general owned vast numbers of domestic slaves and freedmen as noted above. [12] Ep. 82.7. [13] Sat. 3.286; 9.64-67, 142-7; Augustan History, Hadrian, 17.6). [14] Hopkins, 1978, 99-102. [15] Bradley, 1994, 12. [16] The others being: Brazil, the Caribbean and the United states in the modern age and Athens in antiquity. [17] Bradley, 1994, 13. [18] Bradley, 1994, 13.

DRacula Chpt. In Depth Summary and Commentary Essay -- essays research

Summary The novel begins with the diary kept by Jonathan Harker, an English solicitor, or lawyer, as he travels through Central Europe on the business of his firm. He is on his way to the castle of Count Dracula, a Transylvanian nobleman, to conclude a deal in which the Count will purchase an English estate. We learn that he has just qualified to be a solicitor, this is his first assignment as a professional, and he is engaged to a young woman named Mina Murray. Harker describes in detail the picturesque country and the exotic food at the inns, noting recipes that he plans to obtain for Mina. In the evening of the first day of his diary (May 3), he arrives in the town of Bistritz, and checks into a hotel recommended to him by Dracula. There, he finds a letter from the Count awaiting him, welcoming him to the Carpathian Mountain region, and informing him that he should take a coach to the Borgo Pass, where Dracula's carriage will meet him and bring him the rest of the way to the castle. The next day, as Harker prepares to leave, the innkeeper's wife presses a crucifix on him and gives him incoherent warnings, saying that it is the eve of St. George's Day, when "all the evil things in the world will have full sway," and that he is going to a terrible place. He is discomfited by this, and his uneasiness increases when, as he gets aboard the coach, a crowd of peasants gathers around him, muttering various forms of the word "vampire" in their native langu...

Re-viewing Summer: the Way to Highland Park, A Selection From A Walker In the City :: Kazin Summer Highland Park

Kazin's Summer: The Way to Highland Park Sitting on the marble steps of the old, traditional American church, I began to feel cold. Two oriental lions, carved out of old white marble, surrounded me. Their faces were mean, and they seemed to be staring at something. As the beasts remained perfectly still, tiny creatures – black ants and brown bugs –very busily walked on their backs. As I looked around from my cold spot on the step, I could see an old, brick house. This house was like none other on the block. With a large American flag hanging on the door, this house – a symbol of the American dream – stood taller than all the other houses. My attention then shifted to two great big evergreen trees on each facade, and the beautiful bed of flowers, of all shapes, sizes, and colors, wrapped tightly around the base of the house – the tracings of an American summer. There was a light through the upstairs’ window of the house. I could see a mother sitting with her baby son. Although all I could hear were the many crickets singing softly in the night, I knew that the loving mother was telling a bedtime story to her sweet and sleepy child. My America is a very beautiful place, not only because of the big cities, tall buildings, stone statues, and pretty flowers, but also because of the people who make America what it is today. Knowing within every blue, black, brown, green, and gray eye you see on the streets of America – and like me, every window you look through – there are stories, hopes and even dreams, this thought brings me the greatest pleasure, as it did Alfred Kazin. Kazin’s greatest pleasure came looking at the many historical landmarks that New York had to offer and thinking of the many people who struggled to make those astonishing contributions. In â€Å"Summer: The Way to Highland Park† (1951), Kazin takes us into his childhood in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, describing his America with such tactile distinction that we too can â€Å"taste the damp sweetness of Italian cheese† and â€Å"see the clumps of red and brown meat dripping off [the] sausage rings† (Kazin 332). â€Å"You cannot grow up in that kind of environment, without absorbing and re-expressing a fantastically physical world,† states Kazin in an National Public Radio news recording.

Attending High School Essay -- Education Papers, high school experienc

High School Do you remember your high school days? High school for me has proved to be a learning experience and also a challenge. There are many lessons that can be learned. You can learn more about yourself, who your friends are, what kind of help is offered to you, and what your strengths and your weaknesses are. Attending High School helped build my confidence because my classmates were supportive, my teachers taught me how to study for tests, and the math tutors helped me overcome my fear of math. My classmates were supportive in many ways. I used to attend study groups for the subjects that I was struggling in. In these meetings with each other,we would study our notes and review the chapters that we would be tested on. My classmates would also tutor one another in subjects that they were strong in and others were weak in. My classmates would even talk and try to comfort me when I was having personal problems and help me get my priorities straight that took place outside of school. So without my clas...

Hamlet Comparison Rough Edit

Kenneth Branagh’s production of Hamlet and The Royal Shakespeare’s Company production of Hamlet are hard to compare with each other. In terms of Hamlet’s famous soliloquy in the portrait scene, his meeting with Ophelia, the queen’s ability to stand up for herself and Hamlet’s reaction and response to his father’s ghost, the Branagh Hamlet exceeds my expectations on how these parts are performed. The branagh version of Hamlet’s soliloquy in the portrait scene really depicts what I imagined it would sound like.For his soliloquy, his quietness of voice seems proper for this moment with himself. His words, â€Å"To die; to sleep; To sleep; perchance to dream; ay, there’s the rub,† are all solemnly said, Branagh creates this serious mood using his tone of voice. No boisterous movements, his slow steady walk to the mirror to look upon himself creates a serious atmosphere. I didn’t expect this soliloquy to be sad or gloom y, and Branagh did an excellent job making this serious. He was amazing acting out this part and taking on Hamlet’s emotion and character seriously.Unlike the Branagh version, The Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) doesn’t depict this certain soliloquy well. Although I am delighted that they did create a serious mood, they did skip part of his soliloquy relative to the original book. Although there is still the serious atmosphere in place, the omitting of several lines takes away some sympathy for Hamlet. As well, Hamlet’s facial expressions go from serious to sad, and over again repeatedly. It doesn’t seem right that Hamlet is depressed; this serious atmosphere doesn’t coincide with his sadness very well.I do get the impression he is serious and thinking deeply at the moment, but his gloomy nature makes me feel and think otherwise of him. I also like the Branagh Hamlet for his meeting with Ophelia. I feel sympathy for Hamlet as he has a right to be u pset. His weeping, even Ophelia’s weeping made my sympathy for him grow. But Ophelia seems to actually be sad rather than acting on behalf of her father and the king which is something I like about this play. Hamlet’s physical nature towards her, a lot of it was unnecessary.This meeting was important as to see what impact Ophelia had on Hamlet, and what gave him the push to put on his mad act. Unlike the Branagh Hamlet, the David Tennant Hamlet was nothing like I thought he would be in his meeting with Ophelia. Although she is acting sad, her genuine concern is overlooked since she is acting only for the benefit of Polonius and Claudius. As well, when she says, â€Å"Heavenly powers restore him! † and, â€Å"O help him, you sweet heavens! † she overdoes these parts by the throwing of her hand up and lying on the floor. As well, Hamlet’s runs to her after she says these things are too much.If I were angry I would not run back to my lover and cry and physically touch her, I would keep away from her so she wouldn’t hurt me anymore. This scene with Ophelia disappointed my thought on how Hamlet would act. It was as disappointing as Christmas with no gifts, it was that bad. Another scene in these movies which is important is the arras scene. In Branagh’s Hamlet, the Queen acts strongly for herself. Despite the unfortunate ending of Polonius, Gertrude acts strong against Hamlet and his physical force. By doing this she is showing what power she has as a woman.This can be a positive influence to woman as they can see that they have power and independence on their own and don’t have to be man-handled. The only thing I didn’t like about her was her tenacious attitude towards Hamlet; he didn’t deserve any of that from her. But her fighting spirit and independence displays to the viewer that they should stand up and fight against their problems, whatever they may be. However, the queen in RSC is just a failure to conceive. She is too easily pushed around by Hamlet and the men in this play (Claudius and Polonius) have too much power over her.She doesn’t seem to be independent; she seems to have no problem being held in a vice-grip by her husband. Furthermore, she is physically apprehended by Hamlet and doesn’t try to escape or struggle against him. Her independence in this scene is downright disappointing, and it’s creating the image for woman that they don’t have any power for themselves. Her drinking and smoking before her meeting with Hamlet indicates how she copes with the stress of the situation, and the viewer is influenced by her actions to possibly do the same when they are stressed.As well, another element I delight in Branagh’s Hamlet is the reaction and actions of Hamlet when he listens and talks to his dead father. His quick, immediate response to his father is as I thought it should be. He shows immediate respect for his father, obeyi ng every word with a swift response to his mother. Despite his strong feelings of anger towards her, when he’s told that she wasn’t involved in his death, he shows immediate signs of compassion to her. His honour-like character in the moment shines through to his mother and she becomes happy with him.The great Hamlet as described by Ophelia, â€Å"The expectancy and rose of the fair state,† (Act III, scene 1 line 154) shines through is the Hamlet everybody has been waiting for. But his trance-like state is something that doesn’t disappoint me, but I’m not happy with that state he turned into. If I were Hamlet, I would be scared more than just frozen in place. David Tennant in this scene does make Hamlet scared, but makes him seem out-of-his-mind scared. His mother is concerned for his well-being of course, but thinks he is absolutely nuts!His care and affection for his father I cannot see because he is too scared to show anything. His prostrate pos ition to the widening of his horrified face just doesn’t impress me, it’s like he’s overreacting or trying too hard to act scared. In doing this, it makes me lose sympathy for Hamlet. Overall, I enjoy much more the Kenneth Branagh Hamlet rather than the RSC’s Hamlet. The play was performed much better and all the elements within the play just flowed more smoothly. I strongly recommend this version of Hamlet over any other version. Word Count: 1,074 words

New Historic Criticism of Pudd’nhead Wilson

The striking lack of agreement about the merits of Mark Twain’s Pudd’nhead Wilson, is undoubtedly related to the equally striking disagreements over the interpretations and analysis of the novel. In a crucial senses, related to all the thematic analysis presented so far, leave important aspects of the novel unaccounted for. As a result, those who are inclined to praise the novel dismiss certain parts as finally inconsequential evidence of Twain’s predictably careless technique. On the other hand those who have serious reservations about its merits stress its lack of coherence, lack of an action suitable to embody what appear to be the author’s chief concerns.Although the interpretations vary widely, ranging from the view that its theme is the conflict between reality and appearance to the assertion that it has no clear meaning, two interpretative emphases are most common. First, there are critics who stress upon racial themes, especially slavery and misceg enation or marriages between different races. And second those who argue for the centrality of the theme of environmental determinism and see slavery as simply a metaphor for Twain’s more general concern, with the influence of training of the individual. While both these approaches give valuable insight, both are unsatisfactory because they leave too many questions unanswered.It was once considered that the integrity of imagination was violated by interpretation, considerations of race, class and sex have not entered into the most formalist readings.In Pudd’nhead Wilson, Twain presents a critique of slavery and race relations in the American South. He highlights the arbitrariness of racial distinctions and classifications by showing how easily Roxana, a slave is able to switch her own son with the offspring of her master. The young usurper grows among the whites without suspicion, and Twain is able to demonstrate how artificial and constructed racial distinctions actua lly are.Race, Conflict and CultureThe recently increased interest in Mark Twain’s â€Å"Pudd’nhead Wilson† is a text that turns the misapprehension of gender and race in a mid-nineteenth century Southern town into a complicated spoof of the â€Å"fiction of law and customs† in the United States. Pudd’nhead Wilson depicting race and custom identity within legal and scientific discourses lends itself readily to the new kind of historic readings related to â€Å"Race, Conflict and Culture.†A white skinned man, robs and murders and he subsequently discovers, through the science of fingerprinting, that he is actually a descendent of African race and a slave. In his infancy, he was changed with his young master, Valet de Chamber or (Chambers), alias Tom Driscoll, seems almost to be tailor-made for the audience of 1990’s. This book is considered as an intriguing depiction of complexities and constructions of race in the late nineteenth centu ry United States.Recent attention to racial issues, and renewed interest of literary criticism in history, has helped define the precise nature of cultural tragedy which is presented in the novel. The traditional plot of European comedy in which confusion over identity disrupts a hierarchical order that is restored when true identity is revealed, does not seem to work in democratic America, especially not when the confusion involves race. As in Pudd’nhead Wilson, Roxy tries to justify her act of cradle exchange of her son for her master’s and reasons with herself, â€Å"white folks has done it.† But her efforts as a mother to have her son defy the fate allotted a slave in racist America, ends in futility.The new historical criticism of the text certifies the different ways of reading narrative incoherence and different ways in formulating relationship between culture and literature. Some critics argue that Twain was unaware of Pudd’nhead Wilson’s p enetrating indictment of race slavery and that the discontinuities of the text mark a retreat to the illusion when none has occurred. While Myra Jehlen (1990) sees more ambivalence than outright evasion and manifests a familiar dilemma in Twain as a stalemate, between racial criticism and implicit conservatism. David Wilson stands in for the author, who recognizes competing rights that render incompatible social order and social justice.Carolyn Porter (1990) sees similar ambivalence in Roxana’s powerfully subversive, and David Wilson’s repressive plots. She also argues that the novel does not resolve, but only plays out the tension between them. Some read a more deliberate authorial strategy into the text’s disjunctions. Through David Wilson as a businessman, Twain meditates on the speculative postwar economy as an outgrowth rather than rejection of the slave economy. If the new historicism performs a textual reading of culture, they have not ceased to read the literary text as a special entity. When the critics analyze a fictional character or episode, there is no way the analysis can be proven wrong and all take satisfaction in being right. But whether Pudd’nhead Wilson is an extension, a reflection or a critique of cultural dynamics remains a matter of debate.Main Characters in the novelRoxana or Roxy in Pudd’nhead Wilson is cited as an exceptional woman, â€Å"her gestures and movements distinguished by a noble and stately grace,† is the rarest of beings depicted in Twain’s work, though the white women characters in his work tend to be static and stereotypical.   She is a passionate and an attractive woman and according to Fishkin (1995) is cunning, physically possessing, enterprising and genuinely interesting and engaging. She is conceived by Twain as something other than matronly old ladies or prepubescent schoolgirls. Roxy is also more complex of the stereotypes which were most commonly used by white au thors to portray women of her race and status.David Wilson, â€Å"Pudd’nhead Wilson,† is a character that gained its name from the book but many critics have ignore, denied, or belittled his significance to the story. The result is that Wilson role is considered that of a mere lever, or someone who moves the plot along but has no intrinsic importance. Though Wilson is referred to as an ass in the opening chapters, but like a donkey he has a number of admirable attributes. He is intelligent, courteous and diligent and it’s only Roxy who describes his as â€Å"de smartes’ man in dis town.† His hobbies though they seem odd to the average townsperson, demonstrate his sharp and meticulous mind.Thomas a Beckett Driscoll (Tom) is the name given by Percy Driscoll to his child and after Roxy switches the babies, the slave usurper is referred to as â€Å"Tom.† From the beginning, Tom turns out to be a bad boy and his bad behavior continues to grow wit h age and is described by Roxy as â€Å"fractious.† He is cruel towards Chambers and rude towards Roxy’s affection, viewing his mother as â€Å"merely a slave and chattel.† Valet de Chambers, (Roxy’s son) on the other hand is raised as a slave and grows up to be docile and meek but a strong fighter and a good swimmer. Tom not only forces Chambers to be his bodyguard but is also cruel and jealous of the slave’s natural physical abilities. But even upon discovering that he is the real Tom Driscoll and is rich and free, Chambers still   feels uncomfortable in the company of whites because of his slave upbringing.Slavery in the mid-nineteenth centuryAccording to Jehlen (1990), Mark Twain while associating the black race with the female sex, represents racism in the unconventionally loathsome form of slavery. Roxana’s status as a mulatta (feminine) is clearly crucial to Twain’s story. Roxana as a mulatta most certainly exposes the covert tradition of miscegenation, but her serial ordeal as a mulatta mother intent on saving her son exposes much more ( Porter, 1990). The ideologies of race and sex Mark Twain used in the novel Pudd’nhead Wilson were not controllable through literary form, because the writing posed problems that the history of racial and sexual thinking in America, impossible to resolve.Percy Driscoll on having some money stolen threatens to sell the guilty servant â€Å"down the river† which shows that life for the slaves on large cotton plantations was far harsher than for the Missouri slaves. To be sold â€Å"down the river† was equivalent to be condemned to hell, with old slaves being sold away to be replaced by the new slaves. Dawson’s Landing is a highly stratified hierarchical society and at the apex of this social order were the first descendants of Virginia, represented by Judge Driscoll down to the lowest rung of the social ladder-the slaves.And so powerful is this social hierarchy, that those on the bottom were forbidden from eating or sitting with citizens of higher status. This segregation was visible in the layout of the town structure where the snug houses for the white population were situated up front while the portion for the slaves was hidden in the backcountry. Through constructing this social framework, Twain delivers a stinging critique of slavery and in the South of America. Pudd’nhead Wilson is unique to its time in portraying the slave characters as dishonest, lazy and at times dangerous. But in Roxy’s views, slavery is a crime committed by the whites against her race.ConclusionCritics seem intent on challenging the new directions in literary analysis and laying down the terms of debate as to what standard   has the literary works been classified to up to this point and the terms by which we read literature and by analyzing the relationship of literature to the larger question by which we govern our lives. Today the problems of race and sex have become vastly complicated than when a literary work was thought to invent its own sufficient language.The task of the critics then was to show how all parts worked together to reveal coherence. But today, with no available assurance no one can be certain that in a particular work the history is internally coherent or that the issues it treats finally hang together. Though not simple, but the task of literary criticism is to analyze works, not to dismantle them. In the light of these questions, Twain’s Pudd’nhead Wilson contributes not only to Twain’s single work, but also adds to the growing number of works both participating in and questioning new directions in the study of literature.BIBLIOGRAPHYJehlen Myra. Spring, The Ties That Bind: Race and Sex in Pudd’nhead Wilson. American Literary History. Vol. 2, No.1. 1990. pp. 39-55.Fishkin, Shelley Fisher. Mark Twain and Women. The Cambridge Companion to Mark Twain. Cambridg e University Press: New York, NY. 1995.Jehlen, Myra. The Ties that Bind: Race and Sex in Pudd'nhead Wilson. Mark Twain's Pudd'nhead Wilson. Duke University Press: Durham, SC. 1990.Porter, Carolyn. Roxana's Plot. Mark Twain's Pudd'nhead Wilson. Duke University Press: Durham, SC. 1990.Wald, Priscilla. Mark Twain’s Pudd’nhead Wilson: Race, Conflict and Culture. Studies in American Fiction, Journal Article. Vol. 23, 1995.Thomas, Brook. Tragedies of Race, Training, Birth and Communities of Competent Pudd’nheads. American Literary History, Vol. 1, No.4.   Winter, 1989. pp. 754-785.

Jurassic Park Essay

Technology is one of our most beloved pieces of ongoing history, but does it cause more harm than it does help? In the film Jurassic Park, Steven Spielberg portrays the theme technology as an evil force to be reckoned with. Spielberg shows this through the plot, characters, and dialogue. Technology is a major theme because other than the hidden context that viewers have to seek it is everywhere in the film. A viewer thinks of technology as a helping hand, shortcut, or an advance of human nature, but in the film it is portrayed as something that should not be used to try and control nature. Also the complete opposite of what you would normally think, it will not work in your favor. The plot of Jurassic Park shows many ways of people being too reliant on technology. One way it shows this is in the very beginning of the movie they are transporting a dinosaur into the park and the cage had a green light on meaning that it was turned on and ready to transport the dinosaur, despite the green light being on a man was killed when he should have been completely safe (Jurassic Park). This sets the tone for the rest of the movie that you should never rely too much on technology because nothing is perfect. Another way the film Jurassic Park shows the theme overreliance on technology is when Nerdy, the computer nerd, turns off all the parks systems the electric fences shut off and they became completely vulnerable (Jurassic Park). On top of everything they could not even call for help because the phones were also down. Again, this just shows them being too reliant on technology. All this is caused because of Hammond, he is the creator of Jurassic Park and he is the one who counts on technology the most. The characters in the film showed the theme by their character arcs. Hammond, for example, started a park to show off the wonders of real dinosaurs from a safe distance of course. He counted on technology to run everything and keep people safe. When everything started going bad, everyone said they should just shut it down and not go on with this project. Hammond continued to fight for it, but in the end he gave up on it just like everyone else already had. Grant on the other hand hated technology from the start and did not want anything to do with it. Grant was the antithesis of technology, in the beginning of the film he was excavating and he hits a computer and it stops working this was foreshadowing that technology can break down at any moment. These characters symbolize the theme by what they go through in the film, as well as what they say. Steven Spielberg portrayed the theme by the dialogue in his film, Jurassic Park. Dr. Ian Malcolm said â€Å"God help us, we’re in the hands of engineers. † (Jurassic Park), this shows that Malcolm does not trust in technology all he wants it get the fame and money. In the film Jurassic Park Hammond said â€Å"We spared no expense. † (Jurassic Park), this was in the middle of the film meaning everyone else had already lost hope for the park and just wanted to get out but Hammond still believed in the park and also believed that it could keep going. Hammond also said â€Å"Dennis, our lives are in your hands and you have butter-fingers. (Jurassic Park), was a way of foreshadowing events that later came in the film, those events were, Dennis Nedry, the one running the behind the scenes of Jurassic Park, would turn all the systems off, put a encrypted password on, and slip away from the headquarters only to be killed and eaten by raptor, leaving the rest of the crew and family helpless. Steven Spielberg made you seek the theme â€Å"overreliance of technology† through the dialogue, not making it as obvious as other key events in the film. As evidenced by Steven Spielberg’s Jurassic Park, film makers can use various filmmaking strategies to influence the theme of a film. Steven Spielberg used characterization, dialogue, specific scenes, and the plot to portray the theme â€Å"overreliance of technology†. Spielberg showed if one relies on technology so much it can get to a point where if something were to happen to technology you would wander around aimlessly not having the slightest clue on what to do. Steven Spielberg used this though various techniques, including, the plot, characters, and dialogue. Audiences should think twice about being dependent on a device that at any moment could become dysfunctional, they would have no idea what to do if that were to happen.

Batman vs. the Bull

You might say that he Is collecting nonsense which Is Just for fun because he Is a child playing a child's game. He Is running through a forest collecting the rubbish. In fairy tales forests are usually a place where everything can happen. It Is a place where the hero Is away from home and I not In control of things happening. It Is also a place for change. Running through the forest Casey meets a man. The man seems to know where Casey can find more rubbish to win the game. Casey takes his hand and follows the man in the belief that there is more rubbish to be found so that he can win over the other children.Sticking to the idea that the rubbish he is collecting is nonsense which is just for fun as in a child's game, Casey is following the man searching for more time to add to his childhood. Going further and further into the forest Casey finds out that there is no more rubbish and that the man has been lying to him. Casey turns around and runs away from the man who is following him. Case's attempt to reach the safety of the garden from which he came fails. He has passed a point of no return in his process of growing up. He is no longer allowed into the garden of safety and childhood.When the man catches Casey he turns into a lull. â€Å"The man was engorged, muscles ripping his clothes and meat spewing out of the torn seams. Two great horns curled out of his forehead, and his eyes filled with black ink. His shoes disintegrated as the cloven feet within split the leather† (II. 97-100). A bull is one of the shapes which the Greek mythological creature Pan is able to turn into. Pan is particularly known for having seduced several women. He is often associated with sexuality, lust and fertility: â€Å"The bull was right over him, his enormous balls swinging between his legs† (II. 101-102).Pan does also appear In the happen of the devil which the bull is described looking a lot like with the two curled horns on his forehead. The devil is tempting the boy into growing up, and Casey Is trying to stay a child forever. You cannot however stay a child forever, and now the bull Is forcing him to grow up by Introducing him to sexuality. Trying to make the bull let go of him, Casey pulls out his penknife key ring. This Is a symbol of his penis which at this point is very small and Ineffective, because he Is still Just a child. He has not yet grown up and experienced his own sexuality. Up until now the penis has only been for peeing.Casey finds out that the penknife does not work the way he wants It to and therefore he pulls out his samurai sword. This phallus symbolizes that Casey has now grown up and experienced sexuality. HIS penis has grown Into a better functioning weapon to handle life with. Casey kills the bull with his samurai sword which symbolizes that he has grown up and taken over the power of sexuality. After the house and the garden from where he originally came. Casey however chooses to walk the other way symbolizing that he is now a grownup. He turns his back on childhood because no one can stay child forever.

Inluence of Sport Science disciplines on Basketball Literature review

Inluence of Sport Science disciplines on Basketball - Literature review Example al., 2007). Different sciences that are related with sports help in enhancing the ability of the players to perform. The fitness and aerobic performances of the players could be measured through proper management of the abilities of the players and further develops the strength. Assessment of different skills will also help in enhancing the ability of the players and develop a safety towards the sports. By the assessment of their physical as well as the psychological factors, the performances of the players could be enhanced and developed (Choi & et. al., 2009). Sports sciences are predominant in every discipline irrespective of the mode of the performances of the players. It is often noted that diverse analysis conducted under the different factors of the sports sciences gives a clear picture of the varied performances and further develops the ability of the players to perform effectively. For a game like basketball, which involves huge amount of speed and continuous movement the development of the players, is an area of major concern for the organisations as well as the teachers. Basketball is a high intensive game that involves a continuous movement of the player both in short or long movements and hence physical fitness is of utmost importance. The game has a series of transitions, which involves movements like short sprints to jogging as well as walking. This transition needs huge amount of physical strength. Moreover, the players due to the lack of proper physical fitness will not be able to meet with the different movements in an eff ective manner. Therefore, sport sciences are required to develop the players by enhancing their performances effectively and by developing their kinetics. These factors of the sport sciences if developed would help to enhance the ability of the players to perform better (Stephens & et. al., 2007). With this regard, the paper elaborates on the different factors of

Analyzing Ads Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analyzing Ads - Research Paper Example However, this changed with Listerine ads, such as the one analyzed in this paper from 1932, which brought the previously obscure term halitosis to national popularity (Twitchell 39). This particular ad shows a young woman who is part of five million women who had reached marriageable age at that moment. It contends that she should worry about her breath if she is to make the grade and get a husband. Through this ad and the creation of fear around halitosis, Listerine brought the painful effects of bad breath to young single American women, especially that of getting a husband and settling down. The ad is attempting to make life for young and single American women easier by making them a promise, which is that using Listerine will make them socially acceptable and attractive to eligible men. It seeks to maintain a consumer culture that Listerine had already created around the importance of good breath, especially for women. In this case, they sought to integrate Listerine into a culture that viewed consumption as beneficial to an individual’s happiness (Twitchell 40). The message is that women should strive to achieve good breath in order to charm and romance men. It also seeks to attract men to the fact that women should have good breath for them to be marriageable, which can only be achieved by Listerine. The idea of being attractive is that the young girls should have nice breath, especially when they are youthful. They also make the consequences of having bad breath clear to the young women. Those who fail to use Listerine prior to each date will suffer from hali tosis, which will mean a life of boredom, loneliness, and being single (Twitchell 41). However, if they use Listerine, there will be good times ahead with a man they can attract and hold onto. The ad succeeds in making halitosis a fearsome condition of bad breath that nullifies all other charms. Listerine, therefore, is the only way for young women

Kinect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kinect - Essay Example With the development of the Nintendo Wii and the PlayStation Move, Xbox needed a suitable competitive product to secure its market share. As a result, the company had to expand the product lines current competencies and develop new technology in order to obtain the desired product capabilities. The software behind connect was a necessary change in game development for Xbox in order to compete with its competitors. The Kinect technology is based upon a software technology developed internally by Rare, a subsidiary of Microsoft Game Studios. This software was also based upon range camera technology, which interprets 3D scene data from a continuously projected infrared structured light. (Wikipedia). This device features and RGB camera, a ‘multi-array microphone’ which runs proprietary software, and a depth sensor. The primary competency difference according to Microsoft is the Kinect software technology that allows for advanced gesture movement recognition, voice recognitio n, and even facial recognition. In order to develop a revolutionary product Microsoft had to expand its current software’s game limitations and focus on an overall experience.

Bolshevik Biscuit Factory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Bolshevik Biscuit Factory - Essay Example Since 1992, Danone, although holding a majority share (87%) in Bolshevik, has had only consulting status that changes could take place only with the approval of the Russian management. Danone took full managerial control of Bolshevik from 1997. The present staff at Bolshevik are said to be apparently having problems to include the nuances of having a multicultural workforce (ibid.). This report provides some four challenges met in the case and suggests for changes so that Bolshevik may become compatible with the Danone Group, while allowing for Russian cultural context in fulfilling their objectives. These challenges may somehow overlap in some ways. The facts used in the following discussion lean heavily on the de Vries et al. (2004) case study. Challenge 1) Power structure and reaching out to all or integration. A local Russian worker said, 'We need to understand what the priorities are. This is very clear to westerners because they are working in their own system. It's not clear to us because capitalism is very new to us. It is very important to know what the consequences are for certain actions or non-achievement of tasks. We are playing a new game and the rules need to be explained clearly.' (Quoted from Camiah and Hollinshead. In: de Vries 2004). There is a need to reach out to all workers, no matter how subordinate they are in the power structure of the business. Managers must pass on relevant information to all workers in the system. This means providing equally all employees with what they need to know about career advancement, communication, leadership, management, organizational culture, power, networking, interpersonal skills, and all the other unwritten rules, norms, and cues for success (Copeland 2003). The following ideas can help integrate cultures like those of Russians who prefer a more defined corporate structure where leaders lead and employees follow, with other cultures who like much looser exchange of ideas even on coffee shops (Noik-Benet 2004) - Hold season celebrations that encompass several different holidays and observances under one banner. Establish support networks like clubs for specific groups Use multicultural calendars. Allot to staff three or four discretionary days to cover "non-majority" holidays. Hold season celebrations. Hold a diversity month. Challenge 2) Moving from diverse to diversity-aware organization. There is also the need to be trained in cultural diversity. People from a different cultural background have diverse world views based on religion, philosophy, experience. From diversity to diversity-awareness, groupings should not be emphasized but the wholeness of the organization, therefore as much as possible groups should be treated as one without impinging on the rights of subordinate groups. Diversity awareness training (Payne 2003). Diversity is said to be one of the most serious issues for workers today, but employers are not even prepared for it. They are actually "culturally deprived," not having experienced the kinds of situations arising in today's multicultural settings. Russians and Fins and Americans in Bolshevik or Danone may undergo these trainings. Diversity awareness trainings [offered by some organizations for the purpose] provide an understanding of the issues underlying cultural systems, to help improve communication and its effectiveness in distinct multicultural

Business case study on Bell Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business case study on Bell - Assignment Example Moreover, prior knowledge of these factors facilitates development of effective strategies for sustainable success, especially in the era of highly competitive global business environment. It was important for Ron Close to have in-depth understanding of these five forces for Bell Canada Enterprise before accepting the position of President, consumer VoIP for Bell Canada. The examination of these forces would enable him to assess the viability of VoIP (voice over internet protocol) within the operation of Bell or as a new venture, independent of the influence of Bell, in Canada. Bell Canada was a leadership company in the field of telecommunication. It provided fixed line telephones and internet services to approximately 13 million customers in its core territory of Quebec and Ontario. It was also 14th largest company as per 2004 survey with major stake in Aliant, which operated in Eastern provinces. Through acquisition of fiber cable network and merger with other different media inte rests like print, television, IT etc., Bell not only provided fixed line, mobile services and internet, it also was in possession of huge network of fiber cable used for high speed internet which could hugely contribute to the success of VoIP. Hence, evaluating the five forces would significantly influence the decision of Ron Close to accept or not to accept the challenge of being the president of VoIP division, Bell Canada. Answer 2 Competitive Rivalry Industry rivalry is an important element for developing distinct competencies and differentiating products to gain leverage in the market. Bell was pioneer in the telecommunication field in Canada with near monopoly. Bell’s main rivals in telephony were: Telus, which operated in British Columbia and Alberta; SaskTel in Sasketchewan; and 50 small telephone companies. In the cable network, Roger, Cogeco and Shaw were key opponents in Ontario; and Videotron and Cogeco in Quebec. In 2005, all these firms had launched VoIP through high speed internet or HIS. While Cogeco and Videotron did not have nationwide network, Roger, Shaw and Bell had the advantage. But Bell had the leverage in the sense that it owned a satellite operator, Teleglobe and its vast network of cable spread across Western Canada that also extended to America which would significantly reduce the cost of infrastructure which may run in billions. Most importantly, its market credibility and huge database of customers were crucial factors that could be turned into VoIP customers. VoIP is barrier free and therefore small players like Primus and Vonage become important as with relatively small investment they can offer continent wide internet telephony. Messenger from Microsoft and Skype have also emerged as popular VoIP service provider attracting huge numbers of customers from the globe. Answer 3 Supplier power Bell does not have suppliers except for the government from which it buys bandwidth for HIS. But so far as customers are concerned, Bel l is part of various other suppliers of VoIP services. This is important element that indicates the bargaining power of suppliers vis-a-vis provision of goods and service. When there are lots of suppliers, they have less bargaining power and operate within highly competitive environment. In the case of Bell, especially related to VoIP, there are some major suppliers who have good database of custo

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

International Marketing - Essay Example In this research paper the author examines the marketing company of Smirnoff Ice in the concept of Alcopop, the term used in describing flavoured alcoholic beverages. Because of the fruit flavour added to alcoholic drinks, alcopops became more appealing to teenage and underage drinkers (Marine Institute, 2009). A good example of alcopop produced in UK is the Smirnoff Ice. Because of improvements in technology, Smirnoff is able to introduce the first malt beverage that contains pure spring water and a malt-based alcohol (redOrbit, 2007). The use of new alcohol beverage technology enabled the company to offer light and crisp alcoholic drink with refreshing taste. Since Smirnoff cannot sell alcopops to individuals below the age of 18 years old, the company should focused on marketing the product to men and women 18 years old and above. In line with this, the company should tie up with existing clubs, pubs, and large-scale supermarkets who could sell Smirnoff products in domestic market. Expanding Smirnoff products in international market is good since it can open a lot of business opportunities for the company. As part of expanding the business in Germany, Smirnoff should design a core marketing strategy which includes defining the market segmentation and analysing the 4Ps in marketing mix. Once the market analysis has been conducted, the company should start identifying potential market distribution network for Smirnoff products. Germany is one of the most populated countries around the world.

Wildlife Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Wildlife Tourism - Essay Example The industry is also a good employer giving almost 9% of total employment for 2011 and is expected to provide 10% of total employment come 2021 (World Travel & Tourism Council 2011). Tourism is indeed a lucrative business and one of its major attractions is the opportunity for people to see and enjoy nature. Aside from the scenery, tourists are enjoined to experience a closer encounter with wildlife. Hence, wildlife tourism has come to fore as one of the most sought after experience of tourists all over the world. It is quite understandable since the progress of man has been counterproductive to animals. About a century ago, the human population is still small estimated at only 25% of the current headcount. As such, there were bigger lands for animals to roam free. The sea is also teeming with marine life. Thus, stories from grandparents would be filled by the fascinating ways on how these creatures lived and such entertainment always took the fancy of many listeners. Today, most of these stories are shown live on television offering both learning and excitement to the viewer. However, although such a technology had been able to bring in wild animals closer to home, the actual experience is naturally absent. Still, it cannot be denied that because of technology, people today are more informed regarding these creatures (Higginbottom 2004). Thus, with increasing fascination fuelled by the images seen on television, people are driven from their comfortable homes to chase the thrill of experiencing the wild. And, with the economic contribution being provided by tourism, business and governments alike have been more than willing to cater to this demand. Wildlife tourism is not as simple as many would conceive it to be. This activity offers more than just bird watching as the activities may depend on whether the tour is dependent or independent of wild life. Thus, an activity is said to be wildlife dependent if the tour is focused on having actual encounter with wild life. Hence, the main reason for the tour is the opportunity for the tourist to be able to have some form of interacting with animals by being able to take pictures or videos, tracking the animals or even through hunting and fishing. On the other hand, wildlife independent tourism does not have the actual animal experience as the focus of the activity. Incidental encounters like unplanned sightings and even just by hearing the wild animals satisfies the tour objective (Sinha 2001). Both involve certain disruption to nature but naturally the wildlife dependent activities provide more disruption especially when people hunt wildlife. However, this should not always have to be the case since wildlife is important for this aspect of tourism. And with the money being brought in by the industry then perhaps there can be ways in which the wildlife tourism can help preserve these animals. Main body The wildlife The animals play a key role in wildlife tourism as they are basically the main at tractions for wildlife dependent tourism. These animals are gaining attention as evidenced by the increasing number of publications that focuses on wildlife. Likewise, these topics are being more and more integrated to tourism and leisure (Lovelock 2008, Newsome et al 2005 and Topelko and Dearden, 2005). These publications generated additional media mileage for wildlife that have helped integrate activities such as hunting to tourism. Basically, animals are either those in the wild, animals working in farms, pets, animals used as companions and animals that provide assistance. These creatures each have they

Oxygen Saturation Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Oxygen Saturation - Lab Report Example My control variables were the temperature of the water, and the pH level of the water. Other, un-measureable variables included the main food supply and natural predators of the gammarus pulex. The Kick-Sampling method was used in this experiment and was found to be effective in accurately determining the number of shrimps at a specific site. Due to my findings, I have concluded the null hypothesis to be false. The number of shrimps per site is directly related to the dissolved oxygen content of said site. There will be more gammarus pulex (fresh-water shrimps) present within a fresh-water habitat in accordance with the increase of the concentration of dissolved oxygen. If there is a greater amount of oxygen in the water, which may be affected by organic pollution, then there will be more oxygen available for the respiration of aquatic species living in the stream. As aerobic organisms, the fresh water shrimp require oxygen for their survival. I believe that Fresh-water habitats with greater amounts of dissolved oxygen will attract more gammarus pulex. This apparatus is used to measure the flow rate of water at different sites of the river Riber Brook. It is needed due to the current preference of the gammarus pulex. This meter will be able to alleviate, or bring to attention, the possible reasons for species diversity. This spoon will be used to count the ... 15 water sample bottles Impellor/ flow meter This apparatus is used to measure the flow rate of water at different sites of the river Riber Brook. It is needed due to the current preference of the gammarus pulex. This meter will be able to alleviate, or bring to attention, the possible reasons for species diversity. Oxygen meter The Oxygen meter is used to measure the amount of dissolved oxygen in the river Riber Brook. It is needed to record the oxygen saturation, which will be compared to the amount of gammarus pulex. Plastic spoon This spoon will be used to count the number of shrimps at each specific location, which will then be transferred into the palette. It is necessary to count the shrimps in order to compare to the amount of oxygen in each site. Temperature This will be used to measure the temperature at test locations of the river Riber Brook. Temperature can affect oxygen concentration of water, so it is necessary in order to be able to explain any abnormal amount of dissolved oxygen. Palette This is used to collect and count the number of fresh water shrimps present. It was also used to ensure the shrimp's welfare in the test. pH probe This probe will be used to measure the pH of certain test sites of the water of the river Riber Brook. An abnormal pH could affect the number of shrimps collected. pH levels are recorded in order to adequately assess findings. Pond net This pond net is used to collect the sample of shrimp from the river. The net is used due to its efficiency at procuring shrimps, as well as its gentleness to the shrimp. Plastic tray ( deep tray) This will be used to hold the sample obtained from the net, so that fresh water shrimps can be identified. I have used a tray in order to ensure the